【《张爱玲散文:论写作》3900字】 张爱玲100字散文

作文一:《张爱玲散文:论写作》3900字

张爱玲散文:论写作

在中学读书的时候,先生向我们说:“做文章,开头一定要好,起头起得好,方才能够抓住读者的注意力。结尾一定也要好,收得好,方才有回昧。”我们大家点头领会。她继续说道:“中间一定也要好——”还未说出所以然来,我们早巳哄堂大笑。

然而今天,当我将一篇小说写完了,抄完了,看了又看,终于摇摇头撕毁了的时候,我想到那位教师的话,不由得悲从中来。

写作果然是一件苦事么?写作不过是发表意见,说话也同样是发表意见,不见得写文章就比说话难。古时候,纸张笔墨未经发明,名贵的记录与训诲,用漆写在竹简上,手续极其累赘麻烦,人们难得有书面发表意见的机会,所以作风方面力求其简短含蓄,不许有一句废话。后来呢,有了纸,有了笔,可以一摇而就,废话就渐渐多了。到了现在,印刷事业发达,写文章更成了稀松平常的事,不必郑重出之。最近纸张缺乏,上海的情形又略有变化,执笔者不得不三思而后写了。

纸的问题不过是暂时的,基本问题还是:养成写作习惯的人,往往没有话找话说,而没有写作习惯的人,有话没处说。我并不是说有许多天才没没无闻地饿死在阁楼上。比较天才更为要紧的是普通人。一般的说来,活过半辈子的人,大都有一点真切的生活经验,一点独到的见解。他们从来没想到把它写下来,事过境迁,就此湮没了。也许是至理名言,也许仅仅是无足重轻的一句风趣的插浑,然而积少成多,究竟是我们文化遗产的一项损失。举个例子,我认识一位太大,是很平常的一位典型太太,她对于老年人的脱发有极其精微的观察。她说:中国老太太从前往往秃头,现在不秃了。老太爷则反是,从前不秃,现在常有秃的。外国老太大不秃而老太爷秃。为什么呢,研究之下,得到如此的结论:旧时代的中国女人梳着太紧的发髻,将头发痛苦地往后拉着,所以易秃。男子以前没有戴帽的习惯,现在的中国男子与西方人一般的长年离不开帽子,戴帽于头发的健康有碍,所以秃头的渐渐多了。然则外国女人也戴帽子,何以不秃呢?因为外国女人的帽子忽大忽小,忽而压在眉心,忽而钉在脑后,时时改变位置,所以不至于影响到头皮的青春活力。

诸如此类,有许多值得一记的话,若是职业文人所说,我就不敢公然剽窃了,可是像他们不靠这个吃饭的,说过就算了,我就像捡垃圾一般的捡了回来。

职业文人病在“自我表现”表现得过度,以至于无病呻吟,普遍人则表现得不够,闷得谎。年纪轻的时候,倒是敢说话,可是没有人理睬他。到了中年,在社会上有了地位,说出话来有相当分量,谁都乐意听他的,可是正在努力的学做人,一味的唯唯否否,出言吐语,切忌生玲,总拣那烂熟的,人云亦云。等到年纪大了,退休之后,比较不负责任,可以言论自由了,不幸老年人总是唠叨的居多,听得人不耐烦,任是人情人理的话,也当做耳边风。这是人生一大悲剧。

真是缺乏听众的人,可以去教书,在讲堂上海阔天空,由你发挥,谁打阿欠,扣谁的分数——再痛快也没有了。不得已而求其次,惟有请人吃饭,那人家就不能不委屈一点,听你大展鸿论,推断世界大战何时结束,或是追叙你当年可歌可泣的初恋。

《笑林广记》里有一个人,专好替人写扇子。这一天,看见朋友手摇白折扇,立刻夺过来要替他写。那朋友双膝跪下。他搀扶不选道:“写一把扇子并不费事,何必行此大礼?”朋友道:“我不是求你写,我是求你别写。”

听说从前有些文人为人所忌,给他们钱叫他们别写,像我这样缺乏社会意识的,恐怕是享不得这种福了。

李签翁在《闲情偶寄》里说“场中作文,有倒骗主司人彀之法。开卷之初,当有奇句夺目,使之一见而惊,不敢弃去,此一法也。终篇之际,当以媚语摄魂,使之执卷流连,若难送别,此一法也。”又要惊人,眩人,又要哄人,媚人,稳住了人,似乎是近于妻妇之道。

由这一点出发,我们可以讨论讨论与读者的关系。西方有这么一句成语:“诗人向他自己说话,被世人偷听了去。”诗人之写诗,纯粹出于自然,脑子里决不能有旁人的存在。可是一方面我们的学校教育却极力的警告我们,作文的时候最忌自说自话,时时刻刻都得顾及读者的反应。这样究竟较为安全,除非我们确实知道自己是例外的旷世奇才。

要迎合读书的心理,办法不外这两条:(一)说人家所要说的,(二)说人家所要听的。说人家所要说的,是代群众诉冤出气,弄得好,不难一唱百和。可是一般舆论对于左翼文学有一点常表不满,那就是“诊脉不开方”。逼急了,开个方子,不外乎阶级斗争的大屠杀。现在的知识分子之谈意识形态,正如某一时期的士大夫谈禅一般,不一定懂,可是人人会说,说得多而且精彩。女人很少有犯这毛病的,这可以说是“男人病”的一种,我在这里不打算多说了。

退一步想,专门描写生活困难吧。固然,大家都抱怨着这日子不容易过,可是你一味的说怎么苦怎么苦,还有更苦的人说:“这算得了什么?”比较富裕的人也自感到不快,因为你堵住了他的嘴,使他无从诉苦了。

那么,说人家所要听的吧。大家愿意听些什么呢?越软性越好——换言之,越秽亵越好么?这是一个很普通的错误观念。我们拿《红楼梦》与《金瓶梅》来打比吧。抛开二者的文学价值不讲——大众的取舍并不是完全基于文学价值的——何以《红楼梦》比较通俗得多,只听见有熟读《红楼梦》的,而不大有熟读《金瓶梅》的?但看今日销路广的小说,家传户诵的也不是“香艳热情”的而是那温婉、感伤,小市民道德的爱情故事。所以秽亵不秽亵这一层倒是不成问题的。

低级趣味不得与色情趣味混作一谈,可是在广大的人群中,低级趣味的存在是不可否认的事实。文章是写给大家看的,单靠一两个知音,你看我的,我看你的,究竟不行。要争取众多的读者,就得注意到群众兴趣范围的限制。

们感到曲高和寡的苦闷,有意的去迎合低级趣味。存心迎合低级趣味的人,多半是自处甚高,不把读者看在眼里,这就种下了失败的根。既不相信他们那一套,又要利用他们那一套为号召,结果是有他们的浅薄而没有他们的真挚。读者们不是傻子,很快地就觉得了。     要低级趣味,非得从里面打出来。我们不必把人我之间划上这么清楚的界限。我们自己也喜欢看张恨水的小说,也喜欢听明皇的秘史。将自己归人读者群中去,自然知道他们所要的是什么。要什么,就给他们什么,此外再多给他们一点别的——有什么可给的,就拿出来,用不着扭捏地说:“恐伯这不是一般人所能接受的吧?

“那不过是推诱。可以尽量给他所能给的,读者尽量拿他所能拿的。

像《红楼梦》,大多数人于一生之中总看过好几遍。就我自己说,八岁的时候第一次读到,只看见一点热闹,以后每隔三四年读一次,逐渐得到人物故事的轮廓、风格、笔触,每次的印象各各不同。现在再看,只看见人与人之间感应的烦恼。——个人的欣赏能力有限,而《红楼梦》永远是“要一奉十”的“要一奉十”不过是一种理想,一种标准。我们还是实际化一点,谈谈写小说的甘苦吧。小说,如果想引人哭,非得先把自己引哭了。若能够痛痛快快哭一场,倒又好了。无奈我所写的悲哀往往是属于“如匪浣衣”的一种。(拙作《倾城之恋》的背景即是取材于《柏舟》那首诗上的:“„„亦有兄弟,不可以据„„忧心悄悄,愠于群小。舰闵既多,受侮不少。„„日居月诸,胡选而微?心之忧矣,如匪浣衣。静言思之,不能奋飞。“如匪浣衣”那一个譬喻,我尤其喜欢。堆在盆边的脏衣服的气味,恐怕不是男性读者们所能领略的吧?那种杂乱不洁的,壅塞的忧伤,江南的人有一句话可以形容:“心里很‘雾数’。”“雾数”二字,国语里似乎没有相等的名词。)

《诗经》中有两首题名都叫《柏舟》的诗,这里引用的是《国风·邶风》中的那首。     是个故事,就得有点戏剧性。戏剧就是冲突,就是磨难,就是麻烦。就连P.G.Wodehouse那样的滑稽小说,也得把主人翁一步一步诱人烦恼丛中,愈陷愈深,然后再把他弄出来。快

乐这东西是缺乏兴味的——尤其是他人的快乐。所以没有一出戏能够用快乐为题材。像《浮生六记》,“闺房记乐”与“闲情记趣”是根本不便搬上舞台的,无怪话剧里的拍台拍凳自怨自艾的沈三白有点失了真。

写小说,是为自己制造愁烦。我写小说,每一篇总是写到某一个地方便觉得不能写下去了。尤其使我痛苦的是最近做的《年轻的时候》,刚刚吃力地越过了阻碍,正可以顺流面下,放手写去,故事已经完了。这又是不由得我自己做主的„„人生恐怕就是这样的吧?生命即是麻烦,怕麻烦,不如死了好。麻烦刚刚完了,人也完了。

写这篇东西的动机本是发牢骚,中间还是兢兢业业的说了些玩话。一班文人何以甘心情愿守在“文字狱”里面呢?我想归根究底还是因为文字的韵味。譬如说,我们家里有一只旧式的朱漆皮箱,在箱盖里面我发现这样的几行宇,印成方块形:

高州钟同济

铺在粤东省城城隍庙左便旧仓巷开张自造家用皮箱农包帽盒发客贵客光顾馈认招牌为记主固不误光绪十五年

P.G.Wodehouse,通译沃德豪斯(1881一1975),英国小说家和喜剧作家。以塑造“绅士中的绅士”吉夫斯(一位男仆)这一形象而闻名。1955年入美国籍。

(浮生六记),笔记小说,清人沈复著。下文提到的“闺房记乐”与“闲情记趣”是该书的前两个部分。

沈三白,即沈复,字三白。清乾隆、嘉庆时人,能文善画,有才名。

我立在凳子上,手撑着箱子盖看了两遍,因为喜欢的缘故,把它抄了下来。还有麻油店的横额大匾“自造小磨麻油卫生麻酱白花生酱提尖锡糖批发”。虽然是近代的通俗文字,和我们也像是隔了一层,略有点神秘。

然而我最喜欢的还是中曲里的几句套语:

五更三点望晓星,文武百官上朝廷。东华龙门文官走,西华龙门武将行。文官执笔安天下,武将上马定乾坤„„

照例这是当朝宰相或是兵部尚书所唱,接着他自思自想,提起“老夫”私生活里的种种问题。若是夫人所唱,便接着“老身”的自叙。不论是“老夫”是“老身”,是“孤王”是“哀家”,他们具有同一种的宇宙观——多么天真纯洁的,光整的社会秩序:“文宫执笔安天下,武装上马定乾坤!”思之令人泪落。

(原刊1944年4月《杂志》月刊第13卷第1期)

作文二:《文艺 ▎张爱玲17岁的英文作文写得如何?》9900字

▲1937年张爱玲(17岁)在圣玛利亚女校的毕业照

张爱玲从小就立志成为一名双语作家,成年后有相当多的作品先用英文发表,再译成中文。

散文《更衣记》《洋人看京戏及其他》《中国人的宗教》《重返边城》如是,小说《秧歌》《赤地之恋》亦复如是。

其中最早的一篇,写于1938年。据张子静所撰姐姐的传记称,“一九三八年初,将近旧历年的时候”,张爱玲从父亲家逃离。不久,将“被软禁的经过写成英文,投到《大美晚报》(Evening Post)发表”。六年以后,张爱玲成名,又在《私语》(载《天地》1944年10期)里重述一遍。

这种“双语重复书写”的奇特现象,展现出一个自由游弋于英语、汉语世界的,令人略感陌生的张爱玲,曾引发海外的“张学”研究者郑树森、王德威和刘绍铭等人的特别关注。如细究其原因,说穿了也不难理解,因为张爱玲从小就有双语学习的经历。不过在印象中,张爱玲并不愿多谈早年的求学经历。1939年,远在香港大学读书的张爱玲,应《西风》杂志征文,投去短文《天才梦》,自述三岁背唐诗、七岁写小说,九岁决心当钢琴家。这一切,给读者留下强烈的早慧形象,同时似乎刻意隐没去在校期间那份应有的执着与勤奋。至于那隐讳的态度之所以如此强烈,想来大概缘于这段经历是张爱玲记忆中的软肋,其间父母离异,父亲再娶,她又搞僵了与继母的关系。

倘若将张爱玲的求学与从文经历,放在较深广一些的时空维度去审视,就不难发现圣玛利亚女校(St. Mary's Hall,简称“圣校”)的重要性。1931年,11岁的张爱玲进入圣公会所办圣玛利亚女校,被分入初中一乙组(Class Section B),直到1937年高三毕业,张爱玲生命中整整六年的光阴,便在此度过。当人们被好奇心驱使,去窥看《凤藻》(The Phoenix)年刊中的集体照,混杂在同学们中间的张爱玲,形同安徒生童话里的丑小鸭,身材瘦弱,貌不惊人。

也许普通读者的脑海里会冒出这样的念头来:若不是日后在文坛声名鹊起,恐怕很少会有人对她多加留意吧。事实上,高中时期的张爱玲已经在文学领域崭露头角了。据张爱玲读高二时赴“圣校”任教务部主任的汪宏声回忆,为了平衡此前偏重英文教学的弊端,圣校才开始大力加强和推进国文课程教学。汪老师给学生们布置了国文作文和影评,并创办《国光》月刊,张爱玲便是杂志社的编辑兼积极撰稿者。汪的回忆,还从侧面透露出张爱玲的英文素养的养成,并不晚于国文素养,两者几乎齐头并进。

最近,当翻阅2014年第一期《档案春秋》,其中徐如林的文章《凤栖于梧:张爱玲的中学时代》,引起了笔者的关注,因为该文披露了一篇此前无人知晓的英文习作The Sun Parlor(徐文译作《太阳房》),载于1936年《凤藻》年刊(第102页)。

▲圣玛利亚女校校刊《凤藻》封面

▲《凤藻》刊登的张爱玲英文习作The Sun Parlor

受其启发,笔者更在上海图书馆近代期刊馆藏中,找到另外两篇张爱玲写于1937年的英文习作,篇名分别为“The School Rats Have a Party”和“A Dream on the Journey”(姑译成《校鼠舞会》和《书旅一梦》)。由于馆藏纸质版有破损,经合理推断,其出处应当也都是1936年《凤藻》年刊,为方便引用,其页码分别为第48页、第72-74页。

徐文提供了《太阳房》全文截图及其编译文字,我们从中了解到“圣校”校刊《凤藻》社,坐落于一处阳光充沛的会客室。室内陈设有长条桌和椅子,是给学生们读报用的。房间一角的架子上,有一只带锁的内藏机密的木盒,引人好奇,原来它被用来盛放大家的投稿。

至于《校鼠舞会》和《书旅一梦》,它们一短一长,是两篇虚构作品。前者讲述学校里一匹名唤“布莱克”的母老鼠与公老鼠“布朗”的结婚舞会,俨然一派迪士尼动画的场景。

后者的出场人物丰富了许多。在文学测验的前晚,作者在自修室里读书入梦,去到一处“爱丽丝未曾去过的奇境”,先后碰上来自《一千零一夜》的阿里巴巴夫妇和智勇双全的女奴麦尔加娜、《圣经》里的女英雄波斯王后以斯帖、瑞士作家约翰娜·施皮里《海蒂》里的海蒂和阿尔姆大叔、《金银岛》里的独腿海盗西尔弗船长,还有丽贝卡·兰德尔和米兰达阿姨(他们以及阿拉丁先生,均来自凯特·道格拉斯·维珍所著《太阳溪农场的丽贝卡》),以及华盛顿·欧文笔下的瑞普·凡·温克尔。人物之间居然还发生了矛盾冲突,引人发噱。

笔者起初有意将两篇文章译成中文,但鉴于眼下熟习英文者众多,何况张爱玲文笔高妙,为免弄巧成拙,还是原样奉上为妥。好了,闲话少絮,请品鉴花季年华的张爱玲的英文习作——

The Sun Parlor

《太阳房》

My favourite spot in St. Mary's Hall is the Sun Parlor. It gives me the same impression as its name; a warm, bright room constantly filled with sunshine.

It is a rectangular room. The walls are painted in white, but the lower half of them is hidden behind a cover of black wood. In the middle of the room there is a long black table, and around it are many chairs. These are prepared for the girls to have a chance for reading newspapers. In one corner of the room there is a wooden box placed on the shelf. This belongs to the Phoenix Broad, and every girl has the privilege of putting her own themes in it.

The box is locked, and we always dream of how we would open this mysterious box and see the things within. On the wall there hang many interesting pictures and records that attract girls' attention every time they pass the Sun Parlor.

The room is very bright, because one side of it faces the big glass door that leads to the school gate, and one side of it is posed of three glass doors which face the school garden. Sunlight can reach the room in both directions. When we stand before the glass door, we can see the whole view of our lovely school garden. In winter afternoons, when the pale yellow sunlight lies lazily on the stone ground, we sit beside the steam heaters, with newspapers in our hands. We feel nice and warm and pleasant, and thoroughly enjoy the charm of the "Sun Parlor".

……………………………………………………

The School Rats Have a Party

《校鼠舞会》

In our school there is a beautiful lady rat named Miss Black. She is very stylish and famous, so that all the rats know her. She married a great gentleman named Mr. Brown on Saturday.

That night they were very happy, all their friends and relatives came to the party. Miss Black wore a pretty long dress,and a white long veil on her head. It made her black face and body more black. Mr. Brown has two little brown eyes, and little black whiskers. When their wedding was finished, they gave a feast and danced and sang. The guests and ladies danced with their little boots and little high heeled shoes as loudly as they could, but no student heard it, because it was midnight and they were fast asleep.

Next morning, I rose very early and t down the stairs to take a walk. When I passed the doorway, suddenly I heard a noisy voice, then I peeked in at the door. When I saw the happy party, how surprised I was! I cried, "See! See! The rats have a party!" Maybe my voice was too loud for the rats all stood up and took their feast and quickly ran to their home.

……………………………………………………

A Dream on the Journey

《书旅一梦》

It was a night before our literature test. I sat in the study hall, with my book opened before me. I tried to read, but I heard the noisy music and tap dancing steps which I had seen last week in a movie.

There seemed to be many beautiful dancers waving their handkerchiefs and winking their eyes at me. Under these noisy sounds and flashing scenes, the words in my book slipped away so smoothly and quickly, before I could catch them and keep them in my brain. I turned over the page and tried another paragraph. The same things t on, and still I could not control myself. I got very tired and weary. So I leaned on the desk and t to sleep, forgetting all about our literature test.

I walked into a mysterious wonderland, the wonderland that "Alice" had not gone in. I was sitting beside a dining table, having a tea-party with Ali Baba and his wife, and Morgianna, who had been once a slave and was now his daughter-in-law. On the other end of the table sat a graceful, mild, fair-haired, grand lady. A golden crown was set upon her head. She was Queen Esther, as Ali Baba told me, the most powerful and kind lady in this land. Then I heard a knock on the door; Ali Baba told me that it must be the other guests invited. Morgianna ran and open the door, and a gigantic, tremendous, white-bearded old man walked in, with a little girl leaning on his arm.

"Hello,Miss Ai-ling, you don't recognize me now, eh? We met three and a half years ago, on the Alps--"

"You're the Alm Uncle!" I cried out before he had finished his speech. I held out my hand earnestly, and we greeted each other happily.

"Here's Heidi. Does she look fatter and taller than before?" He showed me the child. Heidi was still a healthy and innocent little girl. She told me that the "Old grandmother" was still alive, and had white bread to eat every day.

We sat down and began our eating. Suddenly, a sharp voice calling "Pieces of eight! Pieces of eight!" was heard. Then we heard heavy foot-steps; a sea-faring man with a wooden leg came in, with a parrot standing on his shoulder.

"Excuse my interruption, Your Majesty. May I join the party?" Long John Silver bowed gracefully to the queen. And Queen Esther nodded her head and smiled sweetly-she was always so sweet and gentle, even to a pirate. So Long John took his seat and joined our party. I was a little afraid of him, when I thought about his killing people in Treasure Island. But Morgianna and Alm Uncle were all very calm, even Heidi, the child. So I felt ashamed of myself.

In the midst of our eating I saw a pretty face peeping in at the door. The big, glorious, black eyes recalled someone to me. I suddenly sprang to my feet and rushed to the door, holding her hand and screaming.

"Oh, Rebecca Randall! Is it really you-oh, I have longed for you!"

It was really Rebecca, the one I loved best among those friends. We held together both with tears in our eyes. The first question I eagerly asked her was:

"How about Mr. Aladdin? Did you-" I meant "Did you marry him?" but I stopped in the middle.

There was no reply. Rebecca blushed, smiled, lowered her head, and began to hum a love song.

During this time I hadn't mentioned that Aunt Miranda was just now ing in after Rebecca. She stared at me, then turned to the rest of the people. When she saw Long John and Morgianna, she pulled her face very long and made her eyes perfectly round, and screamed.

"Dear! Dear! Sea-robber-and slave! Inviting us Sawyers to the party with sea-robbers and slaves! Oh my, I'm fainting!....Rebecca, button up your coat, put on your hat and stop laughing and crying like a three-year-old child! We must leave here as quickly as possible."

She pulled Rebecca hard out of the room. Ali Baba and his wife looked puzzled. Long John was trying to hide his angriness and laughed unnaturally. Morgianna was still so white and calm, only moving her lips a little; she seemed to be trying to say something. Heidi did not know what had happened. She looked at Long John, looked at Aunt Miranda, and then turned to her grandfather.

When Aunt Miranda was pulling Rebecca, a funny little old man darted in at the door and ran hard against Aunt Miranda. They both fell on the ground. Aunt Miranda grumbled, "All of the men in this house are as rude as rubbers." She rose up and disappeared with Rebecca through the door.

The little old man stood confused and panting. Ali Baba asked him, "Mr. Rip Van Winkle, are you driven out by Dame Van Winkle again?" Rip Van Winkle shrugged his shoulders, cast up his eyes, and said nothing.

Just then, there was a bell tinkling far away. "It must be our friend, 'The King of the Golden River'. He has e to take us to the feast of Xerxes, the Persian king. I think we had better say good-bye", said Ali Baba to me. So they sang a song to bid farewell to me. I can only remember the chorus, “Oh, we wish you may have a good mark tomorrow, tomorrow!…………” The song got softer and softer, and at last I could not hear it.

I opened my eyes and found myself still sitting in the study hall. My book had already dropped on the floor. The bell was ringing, and students were going out one by one. I picked up the book, rubbed my eyes, and read it while I was going out. I found it very interesting so that I could not stop reading. There seemed to be lovely scenes with all those people I had seen in the dream acting in them. I held my book tightly and cried, "A thousand thanks to the people in our wonderland!"

祝淳翔/文 载于东方早报

作文三:《续写张爱玲的《爱》》600字

续写张爱玲的《爱》

□/林岸琴

这里真的,有个村庄的小康之家的女孩子,生得美,有许多人来做媒,但都没成。

那年她不过十五六岁的吧,是春天的晚上,她立在后门口,手扶着桃树,她记得她穿的是一件月白的衫子。对门住的年轻人同她见过面,可是从来没打过招呼,他走了过来,离得不远站定了。轻轻地说了声“噢,你也在这里吗?”她没有说什么,他也没有说什么,站了一会,各自走开了„„

后来,上女孩家做媒的人仍然络绎不绝,可未有一人能夺得女孩的欢心。

女孩每天晚上都会在后门口站上一会儿,她以为年轻人会再次出现,再次走到她的面前。

可是,对面的门始终是紧闭的,女孩也没再见过年轻人。 时光匆匆,又一年春天来临,万物复苏之际,女孩的心却陷在冬天的残雪中无得以见暖阳。

父母之命,媒妁之言,女孩最终被迫答应嫁给东村丑陋的老财主,女孩的父母拿得了一笔不小的聘金,正在房中窃喜呢。

临嫁之夜,女孩依旧立在后门,手扶着桃树,一件月白的衫子,一如那年遇见年轻人那般。

不同以往的是,女孩走向了对面的门,叩了叩有些许铜绿的铁门。 “你还在么?”

无人回应。

女孩开始低泣,“明天我就要嫁给东村那老头了,或许不再回来了,很高兴你在这里与我遇见。再见!”

女孩迈着沉重的脚步掩面跑开了。那晚,没有月光,没有虫鸣,当然,女孩也没有发现,对面窗边有一抹病瘦的身影缓缓移过,一切都是那么地静寂。

第二天,女孩家办起了喜事,然而,对面家却办起丧事。女孩得知后,悄然地落泪了„„

几年过后,老财主死了,女孩被赶回了娘家,她喜欢走到后门口,扶着桃树,穿着月白的衫子,深情地伫望着对面那早已生了锈的铁门,微笑着。

她知道,其实他在这里,一直都在这里,为了遇见,为了厮守。

作文四:《张爱玲英文简介》12600字

一.Eileen Chang

Eileen Chang Pseudonym(s): Liang Jing

Born: September 30, 1920

Shanghai, China

Died: September 8, 1995

Los Angeles, US

Occupation(s): novelist, essayist, screenwriter

Writing period: 1932-1995

Genre(s): Romance

Influences: Cao Xueqin

Eileen Chang (Traditional Chinese: 张爱玲; Simplified Chinese: 张爱玲; pinyin: Zh ng il ng) (September 30, 1920 – 1995) was a Chinese writer. She had also used the pseudonym Liang Jing (梁京), which is almost unknown. Her works frequently deal with the tensions between men and women in love, and are considered by some scholars to be among the best Chinese literature of the period. Chang's work describing life in 1940s Shanghai and occupied Hong Kong is remarkable in its focus on everyday life and the absence of the political subtext which characterised many other writers of the period.

Early life

Born in Shanghai on September 30, 1920, to a renowned family, Eileen Chang's paternal grandfather Zhang Peilun was a son-in-law to Li Hongzhang, an influential Qing court official. Chang was named Zhang Ying (张瑛) at birth. Her family moved to Tianjin in 1922, where she started school at the age of four.

When Chang was five, her birth mother left for the United Kingdom after her father took in a concubine. Chang's father became addicted to opium. Although Chang's mother did return four years later, following her husband's promise to quit the drug and split with the concubine, a divorce could not be averted. Chang's unhappy childhood in the broken family probably gave her later works their pessimistic overtone.

The family moved back to Shanghai in 1928. She started to read Dream of the Red Chamber. Two years later, Chang was renamed Eileen (her Chinese first name, Ailing, was actually a transliteration of Eileen) in preparation for her entry into the Saint Maria Girls' School and her parents divorced. In 1932, she worte her debut short novel.

During her secondary education, Chang was already deemed a genius in literature. Her writings were published in the school magazine. In 1939, she was accepted into the University of Hong Kong to study Literature. She also received a scholarship to study in the University of London, though the opportunity had to be given up due to the ongoing Pacific War. Hong Kong fell to the Empire of Japan on December 25, 1941. The Japanese Occupation of Hong Kong would last until 1945.

Chang had left occupied Hong Kong for her native Shanghai. She fed herself with what she was best at - writing. It was during this period when some of her most acclaimed works, including Qing Cheng Zhi Lian (倾城之恋) and Jin Suo Ji (金锁记), were penned.

First marriage

Chang met her first husband Hu Lancheng (胡兰成) in 1943 and married him in the following year. She loved him dearly, despite his being already married as well as labelled a traitor for collaborating with the Japanese. When Japan was defeat

ed in 1945, Hu escaped to Wenzhou, where he fell in love with yet another woman. When Chang traced him to his refuge, she realized she could not salvage the marriage. They finally divorced in 1947.

Life in the United States

In 1952, Chang migrated back to Hong Kong, where she worked as a translator for the American News Agency for three years. She then left for the United States in the fall of 1955, never to return to Mainland China again.

Second Marriage

In New York, Chang met her second husband, the American writer Ferdinand Reyer, whom she married in August 1956. Reyer was paralyzed after he was hit by strokes in 1961, while Chang was on a trip to Taiwan, and eventually died in 1967. After Reyer's death, Chang held short-term jobs at Radcliffe College and UC Berkeley.

Translation Work

Chang relocated to Los Angeles in 1973. Two years later, she pleted the English translation of The Sing-song Girls of Shanghai (海上花列传, literally The Biography of Hai Shang Hua), a celebrated Qing novel in the Wu dialect by Han Bangqing 韩邦庆, 1856-1894. She became increasingly reclusive in her later years.

Death

Chang was found dead in her apartment on September 8, 1995, by her Iranian-American landlord. Her death certificate states the immediate cause of her death to be Arteriosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD). According to her will, she was cremated without any open funeral and her ashes were released to the Pacific Ocean.

Works

This  or section is inplete and may require expansion and/or cleanup.

Please improve the , or discuss the issue on the talk page.

《秧歌》 (The Rice Sprout Song)

《赤地之恋》

《流言》 (Written on Water)

《怨女》 (The Rouge of the North)

《倾城之恋-张爱玲短篇小说集之一》

《第一炉香-张爱玲短篇小说集之二》

《半生缘》(Eighteen Springs)

《张看》

《红楼梦魇》

《海上花开-国语海上花列传一》

《海上花落-国语海上花列传二》

《惘然记》

惘然记

色,戒 (Lust, Caution)

浮花浪蕊

相见欢

多少恨

殷宝艳送花楼会

情场如战场

《续集》

《余韵》

《对照记》

《爱默森选集》 (The Selection of Emerson)

《同学少年都不贱》

《沉香》

Works in English Translation

Love in a Fallen City (published in October 2006 by New York Review Books) Translated by Karen Kingsbury and Eileen Chang. ISBN 1-59017-178-0

"The Golden Cangue" (金锁记) is found in Modern Chinese Stories and Novellas, 1919-1949 (ed. Joseph S M Lau et al.) HC ISBN 0-231-04202-7 PB ISBN 0-231-04203-5

Naked Earth (tr. of 赤地之恋) Hong Kong: Union Press, 1956.

The Rice Sprout Song: a Novel of Modern China (tr. of 秧歌 by the author) HC ISBN 0-520-21437-4, PB ISBN 0-520-2108

8-3

The Rouge of the North (tr. of 怨女) HC ISBN 0-520-21438-2 PB 0520210875

Traces of Love and Other Stories PB ISBN 962-7255-22-X

The Sing-song Girls of Shanghai (Eileen Chang's tr. of Han Bangqing's novel) ISBN 0-231-12268-3

Written on Water (tr. of 流言 by Andrew Jones) ISBN 0-231-13138-0

Bibliography

Chang's main works put on screen include:

Tao hua yun (1959) ("The Wayward Husband")

Liu yue xin niang (1960) ("The June Bride")

Xiao er nu (1963) ("Father takes a Bride")

Yi qu nan wang (1964)

Qing Cheng Zhi Lian (1984) (倾城之恋, Love in a Fallen City)

Yuan Nu (1988)

Hong Meigui Yu Bai Meigui (1994) (红玫瑰与白玫瑰, The Red Rose and the White Rose)

Ban Sheng Yuan (1997) (半生缘, Yuan of Half a Life, also known as Eighteen Springs)

Jin Suo Ji (金锁记, The Golden Cangue)

二.Eileen Chang was born in Shanghai on September 30, 1920 to a renowned family. Her paternal grandfather was a son-in-law to Li Hongzhang, an influential Qing court official. Her family moved to Tianjin in 1922, where she started school at the age of four. When she was five, her birth mother left for Britain after her father took in a concubine and grew addicted to opium. Although she did return four years later, following his promise to quit the drug and split with the concubine, a divorce could not be averted. Chang's unhappy childhood in the broken family probably gave her later works their pessimistic overtone.

Chang was renamed Eileen in preparation for her entry into the Saint Maria Girls' School. During her secondary education, she was already deemed a genius in literature. Her writings were published in the school magazine. In 1939, she was accepted into the University of Hong Kong to study literature. She also received a scholarship to study in the University of London, though the opportunity had to be given up when Hong Kong fell to the Japanese in 1941. Chang then returned to Shanghai. Living in Japanese-occupied Shanghai she wrote many popular pieces published in mass-circulation magazines, but her remarkable use of language meant that she was also taken seriously as a writer. She fed herself with what she was best at - writing. It was during this period when some of her most acclaimed works were penned and the Chang Legend began with the publication of her first short story in Shanghai in 1942.

Chang met her first husband in 1943 and married him in the following year. She loved him dearly, despite he being already married as well as labeled a traitor to the Japanese. When Japan was defeated in 1945, her husband escaped to Wenzhou, where he fell in love with yet another woman. When Chang traced him to his refuge, she realized she could not salvage the marriage. They were finally divorced in 1947.

However, the Communists' takeover of China in 1949 cut short Chang's run of stardom,

for with a much publicized prestigious family background, Chang knew that she would bee a conspicuous target for Communist persecution. Foreseeing political trouble, she escaped to Hong Kong in 1952 and worked as a translator for the American News Agency for three years. She then left for the United States in the fall of 1955, never to return to Chinese mainland again. The Rice Sprout Song, the first book published after her immigration, probes the ironies of life under the Communists. Her inspiration for the novel is a newspaper  about a party member who finds himself questioning orders to shoot peasants who are raiding a granary during a famine.

In New York, Chang met her second husband, an American writer, whom she married in August 1956. He died in 1967. After his death, she held short-term jobs at Radcliffe College and UC Berkeley. She relocated to Los Angeles in 1973. Two years later, she pleted the English translation of a celebrated Qing novel written in the Wu dialect. On September 8, 1995, she was found dead in her apartment. According to her will, she was cremated without any open funeral and her ashes were released to the Pacific Ocean.

Chang is no doubt the most talented woman writer in the 20th century China. Over the last century few writers have had as much influence on the development of modern Chinese literature in Chinese mainland, Hong Kong, and Taiwan as her. Her obsession with privacy made her known as the "Garbo of Chinese letters", and photographs reveal a woman whose elegance and contemplative introspection justify that title. Written on Water, first published in 1945, showcases why, more than half a century after she first won fame in Shanghai, Chang still enjoys an enormous popularity among readers, both in China and overseas. She offers essays on art, literature, war, and urban life, as well as autobiographical reflections. She takes in the sights and sounds of wartime Shanghai and Hong Kong, with the tremors of national upheaval and the drone of warplanes in the background, and inventively fuses explorations of urban life, literary trends, domestic habits, and historic events. Her stylized depictions of Chinese manners and morals, her witty inquiry into urban trivia, and her "celebration" of historical contingency are a tableau vivant of modern Chinese lives at their most plex and fascinating. She captures the subtleties of the urban experience, pointedly from a woman's perspective, and the trivialities of daily endeavors during the Japanese occupation, with humor and insight. Her self-effacing, mannered prose and power for observing visual designs and social manners shine when she writes of fashion, the family, her past, and film and drama.

With a distinctive style that is at once meditative, vibrant, and humorous, Chang engages the reader through sly, ironic humor; an occasionally chatty tone; and an intense fascination with the subtleties of modern urban life. Her works v

ividly capture the sights and sounds of Shanghai, a city defined by its mix of tradition and modernity. She explores the city's food, fashions, shops, cultural life, and social mores; she reveals and upends prevalent attitudes toward women and in the process presents a portrait of a liberated, cosmopolitan woman, enjoying the opportunities, freedoms, and pleasures offered by urban life. In addition to her deions of daily life, she also reflects on a variety of artistic and literary issues, including contemporary films, the aims of the writer, the popularity of the Peking Opera, dance, and painting.

Her works frequently deal with the tensions between men and women in love. Her writing is very detailed. She used a lot of adjectives and idioms in describing some subtle and plex plots and characters of the story. Compared to other writers, she is very distinct when describing the characters, setting the details out quite strongly and giving the reader a good sense about who they are. The conversations that she creates between characters really show her skills as an outstanding writer because of how realistic they are. None of the dialogues seem to be unnatural or unbelievable.

Chang is a talented storyteller, which is clearly shown on how skillful she unfolds a story of a love between a widow and a playboy, ending in a marriage unpredictable to most of its readers. The perspectives that are used are first person and third person narratives. Shortly after these dialogues, she sometimes used her own narration to provide more objective views.

作文五:《张爱玲没有写的作品》1600字

张爱玲没有写的作品

张爱玲有过不少构思好但没有写好的作品,只是听过的人很少。她曾告诉宋以朗想写苏青和她小叔的故事,是一个名为《aroma port》的长篇,(芳香的港)结果也没有写。

张爱玲还想过写一篇名为《三宝太监郑和下西洋》的小说,张爱玲构思这种题材,打破了我们对她的传统想象,但最终她还是放弃了这本书,她在与宋淇家通信中提到“郑和小说因为没有英美人(至少欧洲人)做主角之一,我认为美国读者不会有兴趣的,短的历史小说没处登,长的又工程浩大,不值一试。”但根据推测,张爱玲很可能想把故事改编成电影剧本。

1985年10月,张爱玲写信给宋淇说想写一篇《不扪虱而谈》放在《续集》发表,目前没工夫只要先让它去了。宋淇回复道“《不扪虱而谈》题目极精彩,但写起来极不容易。不过写出之后可以(silence)消除所有的窃窃„私语‟。”可惜跳蚤对张爱玲的困扰似乎达到灾难级,结果这篇文没有写成,而她很可能为了躲避跳蚤,就连《续集》的序也无暇顾及。据林式同说,她自1984年8月到1988年3月,几乎每星期搬一次家。为了跳蚤问题一直过着流离迁徙的日子,还怎么专注写作?她打算写《不扪虱而谈》,结果却是“扪虱而不谈”,十分讽刺。不由得想起《天才梦》中那句名言:“可是我一天不能克服这种咬啮性的小烦恼,生命是一袭华美的袍,爬满了虱子。”

占卜算命、心灵感应之类的事情一直是张爱玲感兴趣的,《异乡记》和《怨女》中就有一大段写算命的,1937年圣玛利亚女校校刊《凤藻》,张爱玲把漫画和真人照片结合,把自己画成水晶球的巫女,又画了她幻想中的各个同学的未来。张爱玲自己常借宋淇家的牙牌签书占卜,《张爱玲私语录》中说“Medium(通灵者)——从前胡XX就说我写的东西„有鬼气‟。我的确有一种才能,近乎巫,能够预感事情将如何发展。我觉得成功的一定会成功。”1990年,张爱玲对宋淇说,十二年来一直想写一篇讲相面的书,在洛杉矶中央图书馆见到的《美国总统列传》,“最粗目的是林肯照片特别清晰,耳垂分裂为二。因为找不到参考资料,文章变搁置了。1989年12月11日,张爱玲写信给庄信正说:“我想写篇散文关于灵异,提起陈先生陈太太告诉过我济安病发当时的telepathy。”陈先生指陈世骧,济安就是夏济安,他在1965年2月因脑溢血离世。Telepathy是“心灵感应”,陈世骧夫妇的奇异经验,可见于陈世骧的《夏济安先生哀诔序》。“谈灵异”这篇散文,张爱玲没有跟我爸爸提起,但凭她写给庄信正的那句话可知,所谓“灵异”不是指鬼魂或U FO,而是指“预感”、“心灵感应”之类的现象。她晚年写给我爸爸的信,会偶然提及荣格(Carl Jung),甚至讨论祈祷功效,这些话题都符合她的“巫女”气质,也跟心灵感应有关。

1980年6月7日,张爱玲打算以曹禺为题,写一篇叫《谢幕》的小说,讲一位访美的中国剧作家,在美国大学的鸡尾酒会,回忆起战后上海电影公司的盛宴,用两个派对来对比今昔。最后张爱玲也没有写,原因从她1988年这封信里可以猜到:“《谢幕》小说的主要内容是两个party(派对),战后上海电影公司欢迎曹禺从重庆回来,加大演《雷雨》后的鸡尾酒会。他的私生活我其实一无所知,全部臆测,除了陪李丽华买衣料这件琐事。”张爱玲的写作态度非常谨严,在动笔之前,总要再三思考,把每个角色都想得清清楚楚,连面貌体型都有了明确的轮廓纹,才着手描写。既然对曹禺不熟悉,她便干脆不写。

张爱玲在上海圣玛利亚女校中学毕业,学校年刊《凤藻》曾刊登了一张调查表,由当年的毕业生填写自己最喜欢什么,最恨什么等等。张爱玲的答案往往出人意表,非常有性格,张爱玲称它为“爱憎表”。这“爱憎表”没有收入张爱玲的文集,也没多少人看过,直到上世纪90年代初,才被陈子善发掘出来发表,可惜没有写完。80年代末,张爱玲还曾打算写一中篇小说《美男子》,更与宋淇二人往来了8封信,商讨一些情节,情况就如当年的《色·戒》,只是这次并没写成。

作文六:《张爱玲的观念写作》4800字

上海沦陷时期,张爱玲横空出世,后来因为种种原因她沉默多年,90年代经过海外的几位汉学家力挺,张爱玲浮出水面,复大红大紫,以至于今天几乎家喻户晓。任何写作都可谓观念写作,每一个作家都是观念的集合体,也可以称为偏见的集合体,成就其文学的是其观念,使之失败的也是其观念。下文将以《倾城之恋》为例论述,张爱玲的观念如何阻滞了这部小说,又如何使得这部小说得以局部开放,尚有几丝光亮隐约地从中透露出来,解析这个问题对今天的文学创作或可有借鉴的意义。    《倾城之恋》讲述一个“苍凉”的故事,白流苏与范柳原的故事是“苍凉”情调的主要承载者。因此男女之间是否存在爱情,这个问题就显得特别重要。张爱玲本人对此加以否定,她极尽挖苦之能事。最为著名的就是这句:“他不过是一个自私的男子,她不过是一个自私的女子。在这兵荒马乱的时代,个人主义者是无处容身的,可是总有地方容得下一对平凡得夫妻。”(86页)读者容易在张爱玲的带动下迷失,自觉不自觉地转到她的立场之上,因此若想读懂张爱玲,就必须离开张爱玲。然而若小说只是写了两个“自私自利”男女的互相计算,这篇小说将无足观。我们模糊地觉得这对男女像在恋爱,又不像在恋爱。小说的风貌何以如此?这只能追问张爱玲本人的观念,小说人物身上总是投射了作家本人的影子。她自己在恋爱问题上就犹疑不定,似是而非。这部小说可以看作是张爱玲观念的外化,但由于其本人犹疑的态度,其观念本身就矛盾,因此小说就被两股力量拉扯着。上风、下风可以分出,但却不是一股风,而是两股风的较量。    小说开头、结尾两处有一句一模一样的句子:“胡琴咿咿呀呀拉着,在万盏灯的夜晚,拉过来又拉过去,说不尽苍凉的故事――不问也罢!”两句话标点符号亦同,说明故事开始与结尾内容与语气并无变化。一篇规模不大的小说,一句话重复了两次,总是因为心中对此有所郁结,故不得不再三重复。故事开头将这句话标举出来,结尾又冷不丁出来。可见这个“结”开篇就有,结尾还尚未解开,否则就不会再重复。祥林嫂何以不停地逢人便说阿毛,就是因为心结没有解开,她也没有力量解开。胡琴咿咿呀呀,故事基调定成了“苍凉”。读罢小说,结局大团圆,“苍凉”二字似乎无从谈起。《倾城之恋》写成一年以后,张爱玲在一篇文章中说:“《倾城之恋》似乎很普遍地被喜欢,主要的原因大概是报仇罢?旧式家庭里地位低的,年轻人,寄人篱下的亲族,都觉得流苏的‘得意缘’,间接给他们出了一口气。年纪大一点的女人也高兴,因为向来中国故事里的美女总是二八佳人,二九年华,而流苏已经近三十了。同时,一班少女在范柳原里找到她们的理想丈夫,豪富,聪明,漂亮,外国派。”2 《倾城之恋》似乎皆大欢喜,四处可以讨好,八面玲珑。然而张爱玲“苍凉”重复了两次,总不会无中生有,她一定是感觉到了苍凉。然而她感觉到的苍凉是什么?这个故事本身带给了张爱玲苍凉,还是张爱玲给这个故事赋予了苍凉的意味?“不问也罢!”亦重复两次。问源自闻,闻问本不分。《论语.学而》“子禽问于子贡曰:‘夫子至于是邦也,必闻其政。求之与?抑与之与?’。”闻有主动问之意和被动闻之意,故子禽有是问。《倾城之恋》此处“问”应表主动去问,张爱玲似乎要抓住“主动”,“不问也罢!”然而她已经被动了,她毕竟讲述了下面一个“苍凉”的故事。一经讲述,她就身不由己。讲完之时,发现自己已经由主动转为被动,只好自我安慰或装腔作势地又来一句:“不问也罢!”若张爱玲真能抓住主动,那《倾城之恋》将不会被写作。因为她已经彻底绝望,因此可以“不问也罢”。杨朱彻底利己,拔一毛利天下而不为,故杨朱无书。卡夫卡对这个世界彻底绝望,故有遗言,将其著作全部烧毁。张爱玲没有做到彻底,她犹疑于两端:不问又问,问了又悔问。    小说定名为《倾城之恋》,原因正在此。张爱玲观念的本意是:没有爱情,只有“苍凉”;然而心有所不甘,于是成为:倾城之恋。若将名字如此来读,其意图会趋于明显――只有倾城,才可能有恋爱。张爱玲于绝望处留了一线生机。然而她的生机不在日常之中,而在非常之时。她选择的是太平洋战争,战前男女双方互相精打细算,战争中和战后短期恋爱了。日常之中,全是苍凉。白流苏家庭的炎凉,白流苏与范柳原的互相计算,作者浓墨重彩,不厌其烦地一一道来。战争给一个城市带来了毁灭,却给主人公带来了生机;战争让主人公流离失落,却让他们获得了自由。诚然,“在不可理喻的世界里”,“香港的陷落成全了她。”(88页)白流苏与范柳原被战争抛入一个非日常的世界之中,“在这动荡的世界里,钱财,地产,天长地久的一切,全不可靠了。”秩序乱了,主人公才有可能看清楚,他们所依傍的一切都“不可靠”;而在向日的日常中,这些却是他们死生以之的东西。战争使得主人公解脱“钱财、地产”等的奴役,不得不面对自己,那时人才真正需要爱情。日常绑附绳索,战争解开绳索。白流苏在战争中才有了这种感觉:“别的她不知道,在这一刹那,她只有他,他也只有她。”(84页)这就是张爱玲的生机,也是小说的生机。于是这部小说尽管“苍凉”,却多少有些生气。战争可遇而不可求,于是小说毕竟还是“苍凉”。张爱玲观念的局限就在此。日常在她看来,正如白公馆:“白公馆有这么一点像神仙的洞府:这里悠悠忽忽过了一天,世上已经过了一千年。可是这里过了一千年,也同一天差不多,因为每天都是一样的单调与无聊。”(56页)然而日常未必就是“悠悠忽忽”,人不得不生活在日常之中。日常未必就是牢笼,其中一切都已沉沦,需要极端的非日常(比如战争)才能打破。生机就在日常之中,自由、爱情亦在其中,关键看自己能否“握土成金”。庄子曾说“道在屎溺”,至于极也。鹏扶摇直上,固然逍遥。人间世却千头万绪,烦恼万千。然而逍遥就在人间世之中,别无他所。没有外面,张爱玲尚需虚构一个外面来劝说、安慰自己,这是她的问题。    因此“苍凉”并非故事本身所有,恰是张爱玲事先的赋予。在张爱玲讲述的故事中只能看见她本身的偏见:“苍凉”。讲述故事就是阐释故事,没有什么客观叙述,苍凉之感一点一点地注入了这个故事。同一个故事,作家不同,生成的小说风貌就不同。丁玲30年代有一篇未写完的小说,名为《母亲》。其与《倾城之恋》的情节有些类似,结局却有天壤之别。“母亲”由孱弱而至刚强,先脱离已故丈夫之家的羁绊,后又放脚,转入女学堂,成为时代的弄潮儿。“母亲”一步步摆脱外在的羁绊,其实也就是一步步摆脱自己本身的羁绊,脱胎换骨,由旧女性转变为新女性。她从一个世界跳入了另外一个世界,因为她可以决绝地否定自己。这是丁玲的观念,其利弊我们暂且不论。小说总是与作家本人血肉相联,小说成为作家的象。《倾城之恋》中“苍凉”的制造者就是张爱玲本人,这个故事只是承载了她的观念而已,当然她的观念如前所述,有苍凉亦有一线生机。然而张爱玲如何制造了“苍凉”?下面将分析。    承载“苍凉”基调的是白流苏与范柳原的故事。家庭炎凉,这是楔子,要由内转到外,结论是内外都苍凉。家庭成员钩心斗角,白流苏处处被挤兑,她痛彻肺腑地说:“这屋子里可住不得了!……住不得了!”(54页)家庭之外亦如此,张爱玲将白流苏与范柳原之间的互相算计大肆渲染,因为苍凉正要在此得到体现。这篇小说是全知视角,叙述者开篇先定下小说的背景。空间先定格于上海,后慢慢锁定于白公馆。时间在空间的清晰之中亦慢慢清晰起来,只是突出了上海时间与白公馆时间的差别:“他们的十点钟是人家的十一点”。叙述者可以安排时空,理论上亦可以自由出入任何一位人物。白流苏是主要人物,她自始至终在场。其他人物或开始在,后来不在,或半途插入。因为白流苏是主要人物,故她有内心独白。其余,比如四爷、四奶奶、徐太太只是点缀,只有插话,而无心理活动。范柳原为后半场的主要人物,但其心理活动非常少,往往一带而过,只有外部的对话或者独白。因此这篇小说类似全知视角,其实却是限制视角,叙述者固然可以任意介入每一人物,却往往钻进白流苏之中出不来,仅仅以白流苏口吻猜度他人。正如开篇所言,一切全知视角都是限制,因为人总是有盲点。点缀人物无内心独白,可以理解为没有必要安排;范柳原内心独白非常少,却有些说不过去。唯一的解释就是:范柳原是张爱玲的盲点,她理解不了这个人物,因此范柳原只是被做了外部描写。叙述者对范柳原的内心视而不见,而对白流苏却作紧锣密鼓地内心描写,而且何止描写,简直就是直接介入白流苏内心独白,时时“抢话”。叙述者在白流苏身上投入得过多,在范柳原身上投入得过少。但过犹不及,两个人物多少因此都有些扁平,是另外一种力量使得二者丰满起来。      我们举例说明,叙述者对白流苏的描写。白流苏与范柳原一起出游,被叫成“范太太”,范柳原说了一句:“你别枉担了这个虚名!”后面紧跟了一段白流苏的内心独白:“流苏吃惊地朝他望望,蓦地悟到他这人多么恶毒。他有意的当着人做出亲狎的神气,使她没法可证明他们没有发生关系。她势成骑虎,回不得家乡,见不得爷娘,除了做他的情妇之外没有第二条路。然而如果她迁就了他,不但前功尽弃,以后更是万劫不复了。……”(76页)我们几乎分不清楚到底是谁在说话,白流苏还是叙事者。白流苏的内心独白,理论上应该是直接引语,写成白流苏想:“我……”。但这里却以间接引语的方式陈述,白流苏成了第三人称(她),而且其独白并没有得到空间。白流苏被他者化了,叙述者有些按捺不住,窜入白流苏的内心独白之中,直接跳出来“抢话”。并非我特意挑选了一段,小说中关于白流苏的内心独白非常多,但其格式大体如此。白流苏的内心被叙述者的观念逼迫得非常单薄,似乎就是一个“自私自利的女人”。    张爱玲不理解范柳原,却能够和白流苏打成一片。白流苏和范柳原之间误会频频,因为双方由于各有一个“我”在,短期内难以磨合。夫妻往往喻以琴瑟,因为二者须调,方能和。再加上张爱玲的观念从中作梗,他们之间的爱就被延期了,直到战争爆发,才有了转机。白流苏的“我”与范柳原的“我”有万般不同,除身世、经历等之外,尚有文化差异。二者频频试探,在文本中体现出来并非完全因为“苍凉”,却可以归结为文化差异。张爱玲观念的矛盾在创作中得到充分体现。白流苏与范柳原在香港大中华饭毕,有一段对话:“柳原笑道:‘别又误会了,我的意思是:你看上去不像这世界的人。你有许多小动作,有一种罗曼蒂克的氛围,很像唱京戏。’白流苏抬起了眉毛,冷笑道:‘唱戏,我一个人也不成呀!我何尝爱做作――这也是逼上梁山。人家跟我耍心眼儿,人家还拿我当傻子呢,准得找着我欺负!’”范柳原的话明显是讨好,但却用了一个不恰当的比喻:流苏像唱京戏。比喻所关甚大,什么人用什么比喻,一个比喻关系着一个世界。此世界之外者,有自己的世界,非但可能不理解,反可能误解。范柳原“唱京戏”本来比喻“罗曼蒂克的氛围”,白流苏却解读成“做作”。此由文化差异造成,文中类似的争端尚有许多。尽管张爱玲“苍凉”的观念主导了小说,但那一线生机亦时常起作用。人物由此得以丰满,情节由此得以不再单薄。    张爱玲制造着她自己的苍凉,也抵制着自己的苍凉。其好与坏,成就与局限,由此可见一斑。其“苍凉”的观念阻滞了她的小说,其一线生机拯救了她的小说。这篇小说几乎就可以看成张爱玲观念矛盾本身的搏斗。因此《倾城之恋》尽管阴气逼人,但尚有几丝阳气若隐若现,但终归阴气过重。作家的观念在有意无意之中主导着其作品,好的作家,或许可以做到“屡空”。从头开始,寻找观念的局限,不断破除“我执”。张爱玲没有力量“屡空”,因此她的小说显得重复,重复非但没有破除“我执”,反而使之有所加强。   (作者系中国艺术研究院助理研究员)      1 此篇以安徽文艺出版社所出《张爱玲文集》第二卷为底本,引用只在正文标出页码,不一一注出。   2 张爱玲:《关于的老实话》,见《对照记》,哈尔滨出版社,2003年,121

作文七:《电影与张爱玲的散文写作》9700字

2004年第1期No.1,2004

浙 江 社 会 科 学

ZHEJIANG SOCIAL SCIENCES

2004年1月Jan.,2004

电影与张爱玲的散文写作

□  封玉屏

内容提要 —电影有着密切的关系。

,。从中可以更近距离地感受张爱,还是私语流言的率性真诚,都不难发现电影之于张,包括其散文的取材、写作艺术等等,均受到了电影艺术的潜移默化的影响。

关键词 电影 张爱玲散文 城市文化

作者吴晓,浙江大学人文学院中文系教授;封玉屏,浙江大学人文学院中文系硕士研究生。(杭州

310028)

张爱玲是一个地道的电影迷。从她留下的各种影评和她弟弟张子静的回忆,我们不难发现现代文明的产物———殖民地的电影文化对张爱玲的潜移默化的影响。还在读书期间,张爱玲就订了一系列的英文影迷刊物,像

(影星》)和(幕戏》)。在40年《MovieStar》《《ScreenPlay》《

同样热爱中国电影和影星,比如阮玲玉、赵丹等。张子静在《我的姐姐张爱玲》中就写到这么一件事,为了看谈瑛的《风》当天就从杭州赶回上海,一下车就到电影院,连赶两场。事后她说“:幸亏今天赶回来看,要不然我心里不知道多么难过呢!”其对电影的迷恋由此可见一斑。她的这种对上海都市生活的热衷、对城市文化标志之一的电影的热爱,都潜入了她的文学创作,成为她艺术魅力的重要组成部分。就张爱玲的职业作家生涯简单而言,从某种程度看也可以说是从写影评开始的。1942年11月张爱

代,由好莱坞影星主演的电影成了张爱玲光顾电影院的主要原因。她尤其钟爱费雯丽在《飘》中的表演①。她也

和审美品格方面作较大的开掘,真正实现“历史正剧”的张扬,并以此来对抗“清宫大戏乱纷纷”的畸形繁荣,重新创造历史影视界的文化生态平衡。

注释:

①《辞海・历史分册》第1~2页,上海辞书出版社1981年版。②[美]海登・怀特《:作为文学虚构的历史本文》《新历史主,义与文学批评》张京媛主编,北京大学出版社1993年版。

③徐俊西:《历史电视剧的走红及其艺术定位》《,文学报》

(沪),2001年5月9日。

研究》,第151、148、145页,上海三联书店2001年。

ϖλ